Maximum Thrift is a method / philosophy that considers the shortest tree (in number of transformation steps) the best hypothesis about the phylogenetic relationship of a given set of terminals. Transformation step is the cost attributed to the change of character state in a given branch of the tree, be it the change from one nucleotide base to another, amino acids, or the color of an animal's iris. The fewer transformations, the shorter the tree, and therefore the more parsimonious. In this method, what programs do is to investigate as many alternative topologies as possible (or all if their array has less than 25 terminals; see more details below) given their character array. Each will be measured, and the shorter (optimal) trees will be retained as the most parsimonious result.
Answer:
While in mitosis, genes are generally transferred faithfully from one cellular generation to the next; in meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction, genes get mixed up. Sexual reproduction actually expands the variety created by meiosis, because it combines the different varieties of parental genotypes.
Explanation:
I did research
Answer:
B. only the animals living in water
Answer:
Spores are used by groups of ancient plants and fungi in one stage of their reproduction. ... Spores grow into intermediate plants called gametophytes. Neither of these groups of plants produces flowers. Pollen is used by flowering plants to fertilize seeds.
Explanation:
D. a car is not made up of living cells
