Smooth muscles depolarize as a result of a transmembrane current of Calcium ions. When an action potential depolarizes the muscle cell membrane, it also travels into the body of the cell via the t-tubules. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is dependent in two sources of calcium in order to intiate contraction. These two sources are calcium sequestered in the S.R. of the smooth muscle cell.
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Answer:
1. Radiometric dating
2. Relative dating is used to determine the age of fossils or rock layers by by comparing it to similar rocks and fossils of known ages.
3. The youngest rock layers are at the top and the oldest are at the bottom, which is according to the law of superposition.
4. Tribolite and Pecten fossils
Fossils are used to determine the ages of rock layers. Index fossils are the most useful in determining relative aging. Index fossils are of organisms that lived for a short period of time. An index fossil allows a scientist to determine the age of the rock it is in. So if they are found in a particular age, it means they belong in that age.
5. Scientists commonly use radioactive dating methods by using radioactive decay cloak of certain elements such as potassium or carbon to date fossils or rocks.
6. Law of superposition because in terms of finding the age of the rock as an object, all that needs to be identified are the layers of the rock.
7. The nuclear decay of radioactive elements are a process that behaves in a clock-like fashion which makes it a useful tool for determining the exact age of fossils or rocks.
Answer:
The blue allele is dominant to the yellow allele.
Explanation:
The blue allele is dominant to the yellow allele, because there is more of the blue allele than the yellow allele.
The neuronal membrane potential depends on different concentrations of sodium and potassium on either side of the membrane. Ionic concentration gradients are established by the action of the sodium-potassium ion pump, an enzyme that requires ATP. Without ATP, the pump will not function. As a result, the resting membrane potential will not exist and the brain will not function.
What is neuronal membrane?
The neuron and its ionic components can be treated using the ideas mentioned above.
The neuron's plasma membrane is only minimally permeable to Cl and Na+ and extremely permeable to K+. A balance between a high concentration of Na+ and a high concentration of Cl, as well as modest amounts of impermeant anions like bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate, is what keeps the extracellular fluid's electroneutrality. The concentration of Cl in the cytoplasm, where K+ concentration is high, is substantially lower than what is required to balance the sum of the positive charges. There, negatively charged impermeant proteins and phosphates keep the environment electroneutral.
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