Answer:
1 - Malaria
2- Typhoid fever and Tuberculosis
Explanation:
In case of malaria, the causal microorganism is Plasmodium falciparum, which target red blood cells of host. In humans who have defective sickle cell allele, have abnomral shaped red blood cells. So microorganism does not able to attach to abnormal shaped RBCs thus humans having sickle cell allele are more resistant to death caused by malaria.
In cystic fibrosis, mutation on that gene which encodes a protein known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
Normally Salmonella typhi (bacteria responsible for typhoid fever) enters into intestinal cells by attaching with CFTR receptor. Carriers of cystic fibrosis mutant gene, have abnormal CFTR thus reduced rate of entry of bacteria into carriers.
Normally Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria responsible for tuberculosis) adds sulfate in its cell walls. In carriers of cystic fibrosis, arylsulfatase B activity is reduced which incorporates sulfate. Thus reduced arylsulfatase activity makes bacteria unable to add sulfate in its cell walls thus decreases their virulence to carriers of cystic fibrosis.
The cell reaches equilibrium in a hypertonic solution by removing water from it so that the two concentrations are isotonic, in a hypotonic solution the water will move into the cell and in an isotonic solution the water will not move anywhere anymore. Both cells have the same solute concentration.
<h3>How do these equilibrium processes occur?</h3>
The hypertonic solution is the one that has a solute concentration greater than that of the cell, so in order to reach the same concentration, the water in the cell will leave to equal the solute concentration in the cell. The hypotonic solution, on the other hand, is the one that has a lower solute concentration than the cell, so the water will enter the cell to have the same concentration.
Finally in the isotonic solution nothing will happen, since both inside the cell and in the solution itself there will be the same concentration of solute, so no concentration has to be equalized.
Therefore, we can confirm that the cell reaches equilibrium in a hypertonic solution by removing water from it so that the two concentrations are isotonic, in a hypotonic solution the water will move into the cell and in an isotonic solution the water will not move anywhere anymore. Both cells have the same solute concentration.
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Divide into parts (Usally goverment or states ei, cicil war, north south spilt into 2
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Gram positive bacteria stain violet due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet these cells are stained with.
