<span>It is false that energy in higher trophic levels is greater than energy at lower trophic levels. In the first trophic level you find the producers, in the second the primary consumers in the level following that the secondary consumers and in the last level the tertiary consumers. And only 10% of energy at one level is available to the next level. </span>
Respiration is the ability to break down nutrients to make energy, so the answer should be the fourth option.
There are a few very good reasons why the change in the ice mass results in a decline in the populations of penguins. One reason is the penguins food source grows and develops under the the ice masses. Another reason is a loss of habitat for the penguins. When there is less ice, there are fewer krill for the penguins to eat.
Evolution is caused by genetic mutations that become favorable for survival.
For example if a bird has a mutation that gives it a longer beak and it lives in an environment in which a longer beak lets the bird catch more food- the longer beak becomes a favorable trait.
Now the bird is able to survive “better” thus it lives longer(due to its ability to catch more food). Because of this it reproduces more and passes the trait on to its offspring.
Overtime this mutation takes over the population of birds in the area.
