C.... Independently rules, so not a kingdom (many cities), not a civilization (multiple cities), and not empire for the same reason.
No. Individuals choosing their own wife is a concept that recently was introduced to first world countries. Many people in third world countries and a few in first world countries still have arranged marriages.
An empire <span>is a large political unit or state usually under a single leader that controls many people's or territories.
Hope this helps !
Photon</span>
I'd go with d. applied research. :-)