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Vinvika [58]
2 years ago
14

Name some harmful substances found in cigarette smoke. How do these

Biology
1 answer:
katrin [286]2 years ago
4 0
There are more than 7,000 harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 250 are known to be harmful. Some of these chemicals are:

Nicotine
Formaldehyde
Lead
Arsenic
Ammonia
Radioactive elements such as Polonium-210
Benzene

How some of those chemicals affect the body:

Nicotine is highly addictive and can cause an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, flow of blood to the heart and a narrowing of the arteries (vessels that carry blood).

Symptoms for formaldehyde are watery eyes; burning sensations in the eyes, nose, and throat; coughing; wheezing; nausea; and skin irritation

High levels of lead may cause anemia, weakness, and kidney and brain damage. Very high lead exposure can cause death.

Arsenic poisoning occurs over a brief period of time, symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, and watery diarrhea that contains blood. Long-term exposure can result in thickening of the skin, darker skin, abdominal pain, diarrhea, heart disease, numbness, and cancer.

High concentrations of ammonia in air causes immediate burning of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and can result in blindness, lung damage or death.
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The MCB operon encodes the following four core proteins: MCB250, MCB251, MCB252 and MCB253. MCB354 is encoded by a separate gene
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Answer:

In one way, the existence of a nonsense mutation would lead to the generation of a premature termination codon that will be identified by the RNA polymerase as a termination sequence encouraged by the activity of Rho factor to dissociate ribosome, thus, discharging RNA polymerase and preventing further transcription mechanism making the transcription of the downstream sequence impossible.  

For the second way, there is a need to consider that the mechanism is taking place post-transcriptionally. Thus, the effects should be devised after transcription has taken place and the only fate lies in the mechanism encouraged by the RNA dependent RNA-polymerase. However, for this to take place, the event of genetic recombination can also be taken into account leading to the appearance of the faulty gene in the sequence. Apart from this, the open reading frame is required to be co-expressive that would be the most suitable factor, which determines whether the downstream sequences will be transcribed or not post nonsense mutation.  

However, the total change relies upon the fact that the mutation is taking place artificially or is induced naturally. One more thing to consider is that there is an existence of another gene known as MCB 354, which is encrypted by another gene and is probably monitored by another promoter sequence. Thus, co-expression would probably be the mechanism in terms of the rho-dependent termination.  

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