The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question: Innate immunity:
a) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen.
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
c) is found only in vertebrates
d) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen
Answer:
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
Explanation:
Innate immunity is the nonspecific immune response that provides immediate and the most general protection against all types of pathogens, parasites, toxins and cancer cells. Innate immune responses serve to prevent the pathogens from entering the body. The components of innate immunity also rapidly destroy those pathogens that have entered the body.
Some of the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense such as the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The components of the second line of defense such as natural killer cells, phagocytes and inflammatory response are also involved in innate immune responses.
For example, cuticle or skin serves as a physical barrier to pathogens that come in contact with an animal’s body. Phagocytosis kills the bacteria that invade the body.
The mitochondria are like the energy factories of each cell. Their job is to store and make energy, so when you remove them, the cell is unable to:
B. making energy.
Answer:
i think it would be cool!
Explanation:
Answer:
Scientists believe that the different types we know emerged as early humans adapted to infectious diseases.
Explanation:
Different human blood types probably emerged to ward off infectious diseases. The incompatibility of some blood types, however, is only an "accident" of evolution. But this is a relatively recent problem, since blood transfusion has been around for only a few hundred years.
There are four main blood types. The oldest is B, which must have originated about 3.5 million years ago - it existed even before the human species evolved from its hominid ancestors, from a genetic mutation that modified one of the sugars in the surface of red blood cells.
Approximately 2.5 million years ago, mutations inactivated sugar, resulting in type O blood, which has neither type A nor B. sugar. AB blood, as it is easy to suppose, is covered by both sugar A and sugar by B.
