<span>Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.</span>
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Permafrost areas have very cold air temperatures, thin topsoil, and most water is frozen during the winter. ... Tundra is found at high latitudes and at high altitudes, where the permafrost has a very thin active layer. The active layer of tundra is too thin for trees to grow, because it cannot support a tree's roots.
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naturally living organisms
Answer:
Earth's surface didn't look much different. With few exceptions.
The global climate is cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates. As the climate began to cool down grasslands continued to expand and forests started to dwindle in extent. In the seas, kelp forests made their first appearance and soon became one of Earth's most productive ecosystems. Water from the Atlantic Ocean poured in through the Strait of Gibraltar to deluge the Mediterranean Basin. The event is called the Zanclean flood. Parts of of southern Norway and southern Sweden that had been near sea level rose to form the Hardangervidda plateau and the South Swedish highlands.
Shorty after, the glaciations, uplift of the Rocky mountains and Panama seaway closure began to reshape the Earth.
Explanation:
