Answer:
According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.
Entry of peanut allergen into body
When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.
Allergic response
There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.
Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)
Step 1.
When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.
Step 2
HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.
Step 3
Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.
Step 4
B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.
Answer:
Explanation:
When you are in the northern hemisphere, you are near the north pole. If you are in the Southern Hemisphere, you are closer to the South Pole. As you probably already know, the earth is tilted. When you are closer to the equator, your number of daylight hours increase. The farther you are from the equator, the less daylight you will receive.
The supply of warm, moist air decreases.
Answer:
The correct option is c) hormonal stimuli
Explanation:
The pituitary gland, located in the anterior brain, under the hypothalamus, is formed by two lobes of very different origin. The anterior lobe or adenohypophysis, evolves as an evagination in the upper part of the mouth, from which it separates and grows towards the brain; the posterior lobe or neurohypophysis, is formed from the hypothalamus and joins the anterior lobe. The hypothalamus decides that hormones should release the pituitary by sending hormonal (hormonal stimuli) or electrical messages.
The secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is regulated by hypothalamic stimulation factors, transported through a local blood network, the pituitary portal system. In response to hormonal stimuli of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormones, the thyroid stimulating hormone (which affect the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland respectively), the corticotropic hormone stimulates the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex: cortisol, which influences blood glucose levels, and aldosterone, which increases sodium retention in the kidneys, among others.
Snakes would most likely affect food production
