The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable is because it allows a select few things to go through while stopping the passage of other stuff.
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The toxic sludge covers the animals completely, and then they suffercate and dye, I don't know how else to say that
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There are the physical and chemical properties of an acid .
Both are in the image
rocks can become soil in multiple different ways one could be primary succession which means some algae or moss grows onto rocks with out soil then they slowly gain moisture which attracts some other plants like flowers which then breaks down the rock into smaller things then grasses come in and turns it into soil.