If Christopher is given with the same volume and thought that there's a difference in the concentration between the two solutions, he can device and experiment to calculate for Molarity. It has two components: the solvent (water) and the solute or concentration (the stuff dissolved in the water).
Doing this experiment let's him add add a substance to some specific volume of water to his solutions. As a result, the volume of the resulting solution will be different than the original volume. By this, he can detect which has more concentration. It is noteworthy that molarity is the moles of solute per liter of solution, not moles of solute per liter of solvent.
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Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have: a membrane-bound nucleus. numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
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both involve cell division
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From the given observations we can say that there are 2 genes that are responsible for normal learning. It is also given that the dunce and rutabaga mutations are the mutations of 2 different genes.
Due to complementation which is a phenomenon of restoration of normal phenotype if mutants are crossed, it is found that the flies have normal learning behavior if both mutants are crossed.
Let's assume that the Drosophila having this learning effect and it is due to genes D and R where D is the normal gene and dd is the case of mutation that results in duncy phenotype. Similarly, Gene R is responsible for normal learning, and rr results in rutabaga phenotype.
Cross between ddRR (duncy) x DDrr (rutabaga)
Gametes - dR x Dr
F1 progeny - DdRr
Thus, in heterozygous cases, a single copy of both wild-type alleles D and R complement each other.
