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This is a tough question because the answer depends on when and where. If you are just worried about who was there first, then the answer should be the Franciscans who worked from 1526 [when the pope declared the Native American Indian capable of understanding Catholicism] to about 1573 which is when hundred of missions were present in Florida and New Mexico.
Later on California had 21 missions along the El Camino Real (from San Francisco to San Diego).
I think reclaim territory and regain prominence in Europe
It was John Brown's acceptance of giving up his life for his beliefs
The rise of reform movements aimed at improving urban life