Answer:
Because most natural environments harbor a stunningly diverse collection of microbial species. Within these communities, bacteria compete with their neighbors for space and resources. Laboratory experiments with pure and mixed cultures have revealed many active mechanisms by which bacteria can impair or kill other microbes. Additionally, a growing body of theoretical and experimental population studies indicate that the interactions within and between bacterial species can profoundly impact the outcome of competition in nature. The next challenge is to integrate the findings of these laboratory and theoretical studies, and to evaluate the predictions they generate in more natural settings.
Explanation:
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A)Flocking provides aerodynamic efficiency and schooling provides hydrodynamic efficiency.
Eutrophication, the process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, has become known to the environmentally aware community as a key human stressor on the world's ecosystems. High concentrations of nutrients, specifically phosphates and nitrates, promote excess growth of primary producers.
The correct answer is the option (D) Both are not a mammal, are multicellular, and are heterotrophic.
Keys in biology are used to identify the different species based on the easily identifiable features of the organism. A dichotomous key consists of a series of questions on features like habitat, mode of nutrition, class to which they belong and other features, with each question having two answers describing the characteristic features of an organism. The series of questions begin with a broader characteristic feature becoming narrow gradually and helping in the identification of the organism.
Both the house sparrow and a cobra cannot synthesize their own food and depend on other organisms for food. Hence they are heterotrophic. They are multicellular in nature. A cobra belongs to the class Repltiles and a house sparrow belongs to the class Aves. Thus, a house sparrow and a cobra are similar to each other in being multicellular, heterotrophic and not belonging to the class mammals.
Answer:
The reaction is at equilibrium
Explanation:
The Krebs cycle is an aerobic pathway because the final electron acceptor required is oxygen.
The most common situation leading to a disruption in the function of Krebs cycle is the lack of oxygen to accept electrons in the electron transport chain.
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate (isomerization), is catalyzed by the enzyme, aconitase (also known as aconitate hydratase). The hydroxyl (alcohol) group of citrate is moved to an adjacent carbon so that it can be oxidized to form a keto group.
This reaction involves generation of an enzyme-bound intermediate, cisaconitate. At equilibrium, there exists 90% citrate, 3% cisaconitate, and 7% isocitrate; hence the equilibrium of aconitase lies toward citrate formation.
Although the aconitase reaction does not require cofactors, it requires ferrous (Fe2+) iron in its catalytic mechanism. This Fe2+ is involved in an iron–sulfur center, which is an essential component in the hydratase activity of aconitase.
According to Gibb's free energy:
ΔG = 0 - Reaction at equilibrium.
ΔG > 0 - non-spontaneous reaction.
ΔG < 0 - spontaneous reaction.
