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Rudiy27
2 years ago
12

What transport method do you think the Golgi apparatus uses to ship packages of proteins out of the cell?

Biology
1 answer:
sertanlavr [38]2 years ago
5 0
Proteins are transported from the Golgi apparatus to their final destinations through the secretory pathway and endomembrane system. Proteins are sorted into different kinds of transport vesicles, which bud from the trans Golgi network and deliver their contents to the appropriate cellular locations.Some proteins are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane by a constitutive secretory pathway and some proteins are transported to the cell surface by a distinct pathway of regulated secretion or are specifically targeted to other intracellular destinations, such as lysosomes in animal cells or vacuoles in yeast.

Proteins are sorted into the regulated secretory pathway in thetrans Golgi network, where they are packaged into specialized secretory vesicles. These immature secretory vesicles are larger than the transport vesicles, often fuses with each other while further processing their protein contents. The sorting of proteins into the regulated secretory pathway appears to involve the recognition of signal patches shared by multiple proteins that enter this pathway.

In the process of selective transport of proteins to lysosomes, the lumenal lysosomal proteins are marked by mannose-6-phosphates that are formed by modification of their N-linked oligosaccharides shortly after entry into the Golgi apparatus. A specific receptor in the membrane of the trans Golgi network then recognizes these mannose-6-phosphate residues. The resulting complexes of receptor with the lysosomal enzymes are packaged into transport vesicles destined for lysosomes.
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Answer: naomi, who is not breathing and whose heart is not beating

A person is considered clinically dead if their blood circulation and breathing is stopped because those two is needed to sustain live. Notice that the diagnosis need both of them, so only one of them is not enough. Helga and John has no problem in breathing and circulation, so they wont be considered clinically dead.

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2 years ago
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Why do methane is a gas at room temperature and water is a liquid, even though both molecules are similar in size and mass?
emmainna [20.7K]

Answer:

Water can hydrogen bond.

Explanation:

Liquids become gases once they are heated to a certain temperature. Heat is a form of energy. This change occurs when the intermolecular forces between the liquid molecules are energized enough to break. This breakage is necessary because gaseous molecules exist individually and do not interact with one another. That being said, it takes more heat to boil water because its intermolecular forces are stronger than methanes.

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are a result of partial charges on the molecular atoms that cause temporary bonds to form between molecules.

Methane is a nonpolar molecule, meaning each atom can only have slight partial charges. The strongest IMF methane participates in are London Dispersion Forces.

Water, however, is a polar molecule, with the hydrogens having strong partial positive charges and the oxygens having strong partial negative charges. This allows water to participate in a very strong IMF called hydrogen bonding. Again, because these partial charges are so strong, the water molecules can form stronger IMFs.

<u>*When molecules have stronger IMFs, they require more energy(heat) to overcome them.*</u>

3 0
2 years ago
Explain Nitrogen cycle [ step by step ]
Len [333]

Explanation:

Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen occurs in many forms and is continuously cycled among these forms by a variety of bacteria. Although nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere as diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), it is extremely stable, and conversion to other forms requires a great deal of energy. Historically, the biologically available forms NO3- and NH3 have often been limited; however, current anthropogenic processes, such as fertilizer production, have greatly increased the availability of nitrogen to living organisms. The cycling of nitrogen among its many forms is a complex process that involves numerous types of bacteria and environmental conditions.

In general, the nitrogen cycle has five steps:

Nitrogen fixation (N2 to NH3/ NH4+ or NO3-)

Nitrification (NH3 to NO3-)

Assimilation (Incorporation of NH3 and NO3- into biological tissues)

Ammonification (organic nitrogen compounds to NH3)

Denitrification(NO3- to N2)

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) via biological fixation or nitrate (NO3-) through high-energy physical processes. N2 is extremely stable and a great deal of energy is required to break the bonds that join the two N atoms. N2 can be converted directly into NO3- through processes that exert a tremendous amount of heat, pressure, and energy. Such processes include combustion, volcanic action, lightning discharges, and industrial means. However, a greater amount of biologically available nitrogen is naturally generated via the biological conversion of N2 to NH3/ NH4+. A small group of bacteria and cyanobacteria are capable using the enzyme nitrogenase to break the bonds among the molecular nitrogen and combine it with hydrogen.

Nitrogenase only functions in the absence of oxygen. The exclusion of oxygen is accomplished by many means. Some bacteria live beneath layers of oxygen-excluding slime on the roots of certain plants. The most important soil dwelling bacteria, Rhizobium, live in oxygen-free zones in nodules on the roots of legumes and some other woody plants. Aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria utilize oxygen-excluding cells called heterocysts.

Nitrification

Nitrification is a two-step process in which NH3/ NH4+ is converted to NO3-. First, the soil bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrococcus convert NH3 to NO2-, and then another soil bacterium, Nitrobacter, oxidizes NO2- to NO3-. These bacteria gain energy through these conversions, both of which require oxygen to occur.

Assimilation

Assimilation is the process by which plants and animals incorporate the NO3- and ammonia formed through nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Plants take up these forms of nitrogen through their roots, and incorporate them into plant proteins and nucleic acids. Animals are then able to utilize nitrogen from the plant tissues.

Ammonification

Assimilation produces large quantities of organic nitrogen, including proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia produced by this process is excreted into the environment and is then available for either nitrification or assimilation.

Denitrification

Denitrification is the reduction of NO3- to gaseous N2 by anaerobic bacteria. This process only occurs where there is little to no oxygen, such as deep in the soil near the water table. Hence, areas such as wetlands provide a valuable place for reducing excess nitrogen levels via denitrification processes.

Common Forms of Nitrogen

The most common forms of inorganic nitrogen in the environment are diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium (NH4+). The species that predominate depend on the chemical, physical, and biological environment.

In aquatic environments, the presence of nitrogen as unionized ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is dependent on the pH and temperature.

When the pH is below 8.75, NH4+ predominates. Increases in pH signify increases in the hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of the water, meaning the above reaction will shift to the left in order to reach equilibrium. Above a pH of 9.75, NH3 predominates (Hem, 1985). NH3 is a more toxic to aquatic life. If biological assimilation of NH3 is not occurring at a sufficient rate, NH3 may accumulate and cause detrimental effects to aquatic life.

In soils, NH4+ ions are strongly sorbed by clay particles and organic matter, which have a net negative surface charge. In alkaline soils, NH4+ will be converted to NH3 gas, and lost to the atmosphere. Under warm growing conditions, NH4+ in the soil will be transformed to NO3- via nitrification. NO3- is very soluble, and can easily be leached from soils under wet conditions.

3 0
3 years ago
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