Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer:
Earth’s crust is pushed up in big folds or forced up or down in blocks. So your answer is "By earth's crust being uplifted." Please mark as brainliest, hope this helps!
The answer is A. random gene pool changes in small population.
Answer:
Heart and nerve cells. Neurons also lose the ability to divide as they mature.
Explanation:
Answer: Fungus
Explanation:
Fungi are microorgnaims characterized by the cell walls which is made of the substances known as chitin.
Most of the fungi are harmless and some of them are edible. Other fungi are infectious and can cause many fungal infections in the skin, lungs and nails of the organism.
It also causes itching, scaling and cracking of skin. Thrush is the condition which is caused by fungus Candila albicans which can infect the vagina, mouth and urinary tract.
