Both use the scientific method to an extent and are a way of scientific exploration.
The answer is the 180 degree meridian
Extremely productive, Whittaker was a leading proponent and developer of gradient analysis<span> to address questions in plant </span>community ecology<span>. He provided strong </span>empirical evidence<span> against some ideas of vegetation development advocated by </span>Frederic Clements<span>. Whittaker was most active in the areas of plant </span>community<span> analysis, </span>succession<span>, and </span>productivity. "During his lifetime Whittaker was a major innovator of methodologies of community analysis and a leader in marshaling field data to document patterns in the composition, productivity and diversity of land plant communities."[1]<span> Thus Whittaker was innovative in both empirical data sampling techniques as well as synthesizing more holistic theories.</span>
