The larynx is an nicknamed the "voice box" because it holds the vocal cords inside. It helps change the pitch and volume of our voices as we speak. It is the only part of the body capable of doing this job, so we don't ever want it removed. Our voices would be much more monotone sounding. The larynx connects the pharynx to the trachea in the neck. It is also capable of allowing air through for us to breathe, but does not let anything (food or drink) block the airway. This is obviously a daily function since we eat and drink numerous times daily and usually have no problems breathing while eating and drinking. This is thanks to the larynx.
Hope this helps! :)
Every slice of the bread, contains a number of blister like pores. These blister like pores suggests that the air or some gas might be present there. In case, the bread has no air, the surface of the bread must be smooth rather than rough.
The bread is formed by the fermentation of the sugar molecules present in the dough with the help of yeast. These blisters like structure on the bread is present due to the gas produced during fermentation.
Answer:
The three lines of defense model enhances the understanding of risk management and control by clarifying roles and duties. The model provides guidance for the implemented structure and the assigned roles and responsibilities of parties to increase the effective management of risk and control
Explanation:
the first line of defence – functions that own and manage risk. the second line of defence – functions that oversee or specialise in risk management, compliance. the third line of defence – functions that provide independent assurance, above all internal audit.
Answer:
According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.
Entry of peanut allergen into body
When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.
Allergic response
There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.
Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)
Step 1.
When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.
Step 2
HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.
Step 3
Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.
Step 4
B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.
