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The three chromosomal aberration:
1.) Inversion - breakage of chromosome in two places , the other piece of DNA is re- inserted into the chromosome.
2.) Translocation - the one piece breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
3.) Deletion - the loss of segment of chromosome.
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Genetic fingerprinting – the analysis of DNA in order to identify the individual from which the DNA was taken to establish the genetic relatedness of individuals. It is now commonly used in forensic science (for example to identify someone from a blood sample) and to determine whether individuals of endangered species in captivity have been bred or captured from the wild.
<span>•DNA sequencing – the determination of the precise sequence of nucleotides in a sample of DNA or even a whole genome e.g. the Human Genome Project. </span>
<span>The process of electrophoresis: </span>
<span>DNA is chopped, close to the VNTR regions, into fragments using restriction enzymes. The DNA fragments are placed on the agarose gel and a direct current is applied continuously to the gel. The DNA fragments are attracted to the anode. The shorter the fragment, the faster it moves. </span>
<span>The fragments are transferred onto an absorbent paper placed on top of the gel. The paper is heated to separate the 2 strands in each DNA molecule. Complementary probes which have a radioactive phosphorus isotope are and this pair up with the DNA strands. The paper is placed on an X-ray film and the film goes dark due to radiation emitted by the probes. Now we end up with a pattern of dark stripes on the film matching the positions reached by the fragments in the agarose gel.</span>
Statistical power is the likelihood that a test (statistical test) will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected. Statistical power<span> is inversely related to </span><span>the probability of making a </span>Type II error (Type II errors<span>, or </span>false negatives, occur when you don’t see things that are there) = beta<span>.
statistical power = 1 – </span>β. The critical value<span> is the </span>value corresponding to a given significance level. The statistical power<span> is </span>influenced by the choice of significance level for the test (by the critical value). Larger critical value means increased power of the test: <span> the chance of obtaining a statistically significant result is increased (reduces the risk of a </span>Type II error<span> (false negative regarding whether an effect exists) is reduced) . </span>
Mendel proposed the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment toexplain the inheritance behind his pea plant traits. A hundred years later, Boveri and Sutton developed the chromosome theory of inheritance, which stated thatchromosomes were responsible for the heredity Mendel observed.
