Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Since the question is incomplete, the answer will include the generalize ways that can be used to analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans.
Answer:
The evolutionary relationship is important to understand the evolution of the organisms. The common ancestors and closely related species of the organisms can be known by study the evolutionary relationship of the organism.
The DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence of gibbons, monkeys, and humans are quite similar with each other. The gibbons and humans have more then 99% DNA sequence similarity. The physical characteristics, cranial capacity and anatomical characteristics of the gibbons, monkeys, and humans are more or less similar with each other.
Answer:
It depends...
Explanation:
Group 1 is trying to obtain energy, so as we know that lipids and carbohydrates are the basic source of energy because of their storage properties and generation of ATP during glycolysis and lipid metabolism in our body.
Group 2 is trying to obtain nutrients so to rebuild their molecules and body cells they must take enough quantities of vitamins/minerals for that. Proteins are also crucial to for rebuilding lipo-proteins in cell wall of cell amke them crucial for them. They also play an important role in muscle cell repair and replacement due to their primary composition of actin and myosin filaments.
Answer:
The answer is True.
Earth stores carbon naturally as part of the carbon cycle. When the system is not in equilibrium, it corrects itself. The Earth has been emitting and storing carbon for millions of years, cycling it between sky, sea, soil, and rock. And the law of conservation of matter states that no matter is destroyed, nor created, likewise with energy.
Simple sugars (B) - Living organisms break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides, which are simple sugars. Monosaccharides are the building blocks that make
