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Zepler [3.9K]
2 years ago
11

What are the answers here? Select all that apply.

Biology
1 answer:
jarptica [38.1K]2 years ago
4 0

Answer:

tt

hh

those are the answers

Explanation:

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Following antigenic stimulation, phosphorylation of _________ relieves inhibition of the transcription factor
Maru [420]

Answer: zap70, ITAM.

Explanation:

An antigen is any substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response by activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. Examples of antigens could be proteins that are part of bacteria or viruses or components of serum and red blood cells from other individuals, all of them are foreign antigens originated outside the body. However, there can also be autoantigens (which are self-antigens), originated within the body. In normal conditions, the body is able to distinguish self from nonself. <u>And the antigens that represent a danger induces an immune response by stimulating the lymphocytes to produce antibody or to attack the antigen directly</u>. This is called an antigenic stimulation of the immune system.

ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein that is part of the T cell receptor, thereby it plays a critical role in T-cell signaling. When the TCR (receptor of T cells) is activated by the presentation of the specific antigen through the MHC, a protein called Lck acts to phosphorylate the intracellular CD3 chains and the ζ chains of the TCR complex, allowing the binding of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70. Lck then phosphorylates and activates ZAP-70, which in turn phosphorylates another molecule in the signaling cascade called LAT (short for Linker of Activated T cells), a transmembrane protein that serves as an anchor site for several other proteins. The tyrosine phosphorylation cascade initiated by the Lck culminates in the intracellular mobilization of calcium ion (Ca2+) <u>and the activation of important signaling cascades within the lymphocytes.</u> These include the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway, which is based on activating certain transcription factors such as NFAT, NFκB and AP-1. These transcription factors regulate the production of of certain gene products, most notably cytokines such as interleukin-2 that promote the long-term proliferation and differentiation of activated lymphocytes.

The ITAM motifs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) are sequences of four amino acids present in the intracellular tails of certain proteins that serve as receptors within the immune system. Thus, <u>some receptors such as the TCR have ITAM sequences that, when activated, trigger an intracellular reaction based on consecutive phosphorylations</u>.  Kinases are recruited for this purpose.

So, ZAP-70 is a protein tyrosine kinase with a role in T-cell receptor signal transduction. During T-cell activation, ZAP-70 binds to ITAM and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated. The binding of ZAP-70 to the phosphorylated ITAM is able to activate its kinase activity, <u>and relieves the inhibition of the transcription factor which regulates genes that are involved in the immune reaction</u>.

6 0
2 years ago
What must take place in the lungs prior to the newborn's first breath? A. Blood must be drained from the alveolar capillaries B.
Iteru [2.4K]

Answer: Drainage or absorption of amniotic fluid

Explanation: Amniotic fluid act as a cushion to a growing foetus and provides the foetus with nutrients and biochemical products from the mother via the blood vessels of the placenta. When the date of baby delivery grows closer the lungs absorbs some of the fluid. Soon after birth the newborn's first step to independence begins with breathing on its own.They gasp and cry taking in air that fills the lungs. This expels the remaining amniotic fluid that was in the lungs and begins its own independent breathing.

3 0
3 years ago
Why is nonpoint surface pollution is a greater threat and hazard than point source pollution
Natasha_Volkova [10]
Nonpoint source pollution is a greater hazard, because scientists are not able to identify a single location the pollution came from. It is harder to find a solution if they are unable to find the source.

Hope this helps!
have a great day.
6 0
2 years ago
Can somebody help me out
sertanlavr [38]

Answer: HALF

Explanation:

CONTEXT CLUES AND I TOOK IT BEFORE

3 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Producers are usually the first organisms listed in a food chain. They provide energy to the other organisms in the food chain.
Sliva [168]

Hi!

The answer is C. The Sun

The energy that producers get from the sun, along with water, allows them to begin photosynthesis, the process in which they make their food, because they are not able to absorb other forms of energy because they are plants.

I hope this helps!!

5 0
3 years ago
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