Independence from England and (2) the creation of a democratic republic.
I believe the answer is: precedent
In social setting, we can see a precedent in court ruling.
When a supreme court ruled a controversial case, the other courts would most likely use the ruling as a precedent to settle similar cases that might appear in the future.
The answer is, "<span>gathering data without physical contact with the object being observed</span><span><span>".
</span>Have a nice day! :)</span>
