Answer:
1. Inhibiting IP3 channels, leading to decreased Ca2 in the sarcoplasm and reduced contraction.
2. Increasing the relative activity of MLCP, leading to a decrease in tension.
3. Activating K channels, increasing K leaking out of the cell which hyperpolarizes it and decreases the likelihood of Ca2 entry.
Explanation
In smooth muscle, cyclic AMP (cAMP) mediates relaxation because cAMP inhibits a specific kinase required for myosin light chain protein (MLCP) phosphorylation, thereby triggering contraction in the smooth muscles. It has been shown that cAMP inhibits 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent calcium ions (Ca 2+) release by activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG proteins act to modulate Ca2+ oscillations by stimulating sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase membrane proteins, increasing Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and Ca2+ efflux from the cells, and activate voltage-gated potassium (K) channels, thereby leading to membrane hyperpolarization and reducing Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels.
<span>biomes vary in their rates of net primary production-biomass that remains after cellular respiration limited by sunlight and nutrients available
In general, warmer and wetter biomes have higher net primary productivity than colder and drier biomes. The reason for this trend is that plants require sunlight, water, and temperatures warm enough to grow. This is true even in aquatic ecosystems, where sunlight and the availability of nutrients determine the level of net primary productivity.</span>
Bacteria may affect plants in a number of ways. Diseases have been mentioned, but most bacteria co-exist with plants quite easily. Several bacteria are involved with the transitions of nutrients and make nutrients such as nitrogen plant available (the plant is only able to absorb some nutrients in certain molecular forms). While other bacteria convert nutrients and toxins into forms unavailable to the plant.
Other bacteria make Some bacteria, Rhizobia in particular, develop symbiotic relationships with some plants. Rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium which is plant available. In exchange, the plant provides Rhizobia with shelter (a root nodule) and food (photosynthates).
