Answer:
1. Inhibiting IP3 channels, leading to decreased Ca2 in the sarcoplasm and reduced contraction.
2. Increasing the relative activity of MLCP, leading to a decrease in tension.
3. Activating K channels, increasing K leaking out of the cell which hyperpolarizes it and decreases the likelihood of Ca2 entry.
Explanation
In smooth muscle, cyclic AMP (cAMP) mediates relaxation because cAMP inhibits a specific kinase required for myosin light chain protein (MLCP) phosphorylation, thereby triggering contraction in the smooth muscles. It has been shown that cAMP inhibits 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent calcium ions (Ca 2+) release by activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG proteins act to modulate Ca2+ oscillations by stimulating sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase membrane proteins, increasing Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and Ca2+ efflux from the cells, and activate voltage-gated potassium (K) channels, thereby leading to membrane hyperpolarization and reducing Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels.
The phenotype of antenna in crawfish depends on the protein amount in the antenna length. The offspring have different phenotype than their parent because of the amount of protein translated from each parent gene is determining in this.
The gene determines the amount of protein to be present in the antenna to determine its length.
Explanation:
Data given:
Two crawfish parent = medium length antennae, genotyoe Ll
One offspring = short antenna, genotype ll
one offspring = long antennae, genotype LL
The traits in offspring is shown as:
L l
L LL Ll
l Ll ll
The proportion of allele present in the gene determined the length of the antenna in crawfish.
The difference in length of the antenna in crawfish is due to the amount of protein for the phenotype present in the individual. The amount of protein to be expressed in the crawfish is given by both the parents. The tendency of protein expresed define the phenotype of antenna length.
Answer:
16 genetically different offspring
Explanation:
This is the case as each parent has the ability to produce 4 uniquely different gametes through independent assortment. With such a scenario where each parent can product 4 uniquely different gametes multiplied by 4 parents, you have 16 offspring. So there's the possibility of producing 16 offspring that are unique.
They have a cell membrane, they contain cytoplasm and can replicate themselves through the manner of mitosis.
