Caffeine works as an adenosine receptor antagonists, this essentially means that it works in the opposite manner or works against the receptor. Think of antagonist in the term of literature it goes against the agonist. Adenosine when bond to the receptor causes tiredness, this is the reason why people drink caffeine to stay wake and to prevent cognitive decline from exhaustion. So caffeine doesn’t really effect learning or memory to a large extent like other stimulants do. So basically caffeine increases wakefulness which in turn allows a person to focus longer, slight increase in memory, and more of a sorted out thought process.
Answer: existence of a particular species is completely wiped out from the planet
Explanation: Extinction means that the existence of a particular species is completely wiped out from the planet. It is an irreversible form of damage, since neither a single male and female species member is present to procreate. Endangered, on the other hand, means that a species is nearing extinction.
<span>Dichotomy means </span>to separate equally
Transcription is the process by which RNA (nucleic acid that is responsible for transferring genetic information from DNA ) is synthesized from the genetic information contained in the coding regions of DNA. Therefore, a copy of complementary RNA and antiparallel to the DNA sequence that was transcribed is obtained. Normally organism synthesize RNA by a reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerases (they are enzymes that are involved in the process of DNA replication).
Transcription occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
Initiation: Is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a region of a gene called a promoter. This tells the DNA to unwind so that enzyme can 'read' the bases in one of the strands of DNA. The enzyme is now ready to create a strand of mRNA (it is a single stranded RNA molecule, complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene) with a complementary base of bases.
Elongation: Is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. The RNA polymerase reads the unwound strand of DNA and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs. THere is a brief moment during this process when the new RNA molecule is bound to the unwound DNA. During this process, an adenine in the DNA binds to an uracil in the RNA.
Termination: Is the term of transcription and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a termination sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete and separated from the DNA.
