Answer:
chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Explanation:
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the organelles capable of ATP production by photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation respectively. Chloroplasts are the site for photosynthesis. The light reactions of photosynthesis include splitting of the water molecule in presence of sunlight and transfer of electrons from PS-II to PS-I via electron carrier. During electron transport, a proton gradient is created which in turn drives ATP synthesis.
Mitochondria are the site for aerobic stages of cellular respiration. Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle, the first and second stages of cellular respiration produce NADH and FADH2 during the redox reactions. These reducing powers are oxidized by giving their electrons to the terminal electron acceptor, the oxygen molecule.
Electrons from the reducing powers are carried to oxygen molecules via a series of electron carrier proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. During electron transport, an electrochemical gradient is created which in turn drives the ATP synthesis.
Answer: a
Explanation:
radio waves have the longest wavelengths so it has the lowest energy
Saliva contains relatively few microbes compared to other body sites, because the concentration of antimicrobial enzymes limits their growth.
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
Coevolution is a biological process where pairs of species or among groups of species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through natural selection. This process produces genetic changes in the traits of interacting species that are a consequence of reciprocal adaptation between these interacting taxa. Coevolution occurs when species are ecologically intimate (i.e., they interact with one another), such as the interaction between hosts and parasites or predators and prey.
Studies using single cells have identified the transcriptome signature of many kidney cell types. Acute kidney injury (AKI) impacts cells differently and is regionally distributed in space.
Why integration of spatial and single-cell transcriptomics localizes epithelial cell-immune cross-talk in kidney injury?
Acute kidney damage (AKI) is a fatal condition that raises morbidity and death rates. A deeper understanding of the molecular etiology of AKI is necessary to identify therapeutic targets for treatment. Epithelial, endothelial, fibroblast, vascular smooth muscle, resident immunological, and invading immune cells are only a few of the various cell types that make up the renal milieu and interact with one another within a universe of distinct microenvironments.
Additionally, different types of kidney cells are impacted differently by AKI. By identifying the transcriptome fingerprints of certain cells within the kidney, single-cell and single-nuclear sequencing have recently demonstrated significant advances in the development of a molecular atlas of the kidney. To understand the interaction between cells and structures in particular renal microenvironments, spatial anchoring is crucial.
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