The defecation reflex involves two postive feedback loops. these loops are the stretch receptors in the rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system. Defecation reflex empties the rectum by peristaltic movements push fecal matter from the sigmoid colon into the rectum. Then this distension of the rectal walls stimulates stretch receptors which results in defecation.
Answer:
Wildlife crossings may include: underpass tunnels or wildlife tunnels, viaducts, and overpasses or green bridges (mainly for large or herd-type animals); amphibian tunnels; fish ladders; Canopy bridge (especially for monkeys and squirrels), tunnels and culverts (for small mammals such as otters, hedgehogs, and badgers.
This know as bridge animals
eg: canopy bridge
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Answer:
Explanation:
Two reactions take place that produce raw materials for the dark stage:
- Light energy splits the water molecules into <em>hydrogen</em> and <em>oxygen</em>
- This process is called <u>photolysis </u>
The hydrogen is taken up by a hydrogen acceptor called Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) while oxygen is released as a by-product .
2 H₂O(l) --------->light energy -------> 4 H + O₂ (photolysis
)
Light energy strikes the chlorophyll molecules and sets in motion a series of reactions resulting in the production of a high energy molecule called <em>Adenosine Triphosphate</em> (ATP)
Hope this helps.
In step 2: Denaturation of the double-strand occurs.
In step 3: Annealing of the primer to the single strands.
In step 4: Extension or elongation takes place in this step.
Explanation:
In the PCR program an enzyme Taq Polymerase is used because it can withstand high temperature without altering its functions.
PCR is required for the amplification of DNA into multiple copies for experimental purpose. The artificial environment is created to form new DNA molecules from the sample in question.
The first step in replication is the opening of the double helix which is done by temperature treatment in PCR. The temperature would be 90 degrees for some 30 sec to two minutes.
The next step of primer annealing would be done at 52 degrees, this is the primer melting temperature.
The elongation of the DNA strand to be synthesized will take place at 72 degrees as Taq Polymerase can withstand that temperature.
Nearly one million copies of DNA will be made after 30 cycles of PCR.
PCR products can be stored at 4 degrees for some two months.
