It influences the rates at which organisms grow and reproduce.
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When a lineage splits into multiple line of descents, then, it leads to speciation. It is a process by which a single population evolves into different species. The process of speciation leads to the development of two or more species as the lineages are splitted. These two evolved species are genetically independent.
Hence, the blank can be filled with 'speciation'.
From top to bottom, I believe the answers are:
Biologist
Chemist
Geologist
Hydrologist
D. Predators
Predators keep populations of other species in check. This was pretty clearly demonstrated in Yellowstone National Park after the wolves were eradicated there. The deer populations increased to the point that the aspen trees nearly disappeared due to the saplings' being eaten by deer. Since the reintroduction of wolves to the park, the aspen trees have begun to flourish once again.
