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Deep hydrothermal vents are located in areas with high tectonic activity, including the edges of tectonic plates, undersea mountain ranges and seamounts, and mid-ocean ridges. The water escaping from deep hydrothermal vents may be clear-ish and have low concentrations of minerals or it may be white or black and be characterized by high concentrations of minerals. These so-called white or black smokers look like chimneys, constantly blowing ‘smoke’ up from the sea floor. Minerals escaping from these vents usually include hydrogen sulfide or some other sulfur compound.
The deep-sea environment where these vents occur is completely dark, and photosynthesis (=the conversion of carbon dioxide into sugar using sunlight) is impossible. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae form the bottom of the food web, wherever there is sunlight. In the deep sea, most of the food must sink from the sunlit sea surface; however, as it sinks, it is eaten by all sorts of organisms. Very little food makes it to the deep sea floor. At deep hydrothermal vents, though, specialized bacteria can convert the sulfur compounds and heat into food and energy. As these bacteria multiply, they form thick mats on which animals can graze. In some cases, they form symbiotic relationships with animals, (e.g., giant tube worms) and live in the animals’ tissues, creating energy in return for receiving protection from predators. These specialized bacteria form the bottom of the deep hydrothermal vent food web, and many animals rely on their presence for survival, including deep-sea mussels, giant tube worms, yeti crabs, and many other invertebrates and fishes.
A similar deep-sea ecosystem is called the cold seep (or cold vent), where mineral- or methane-rich water seeps from the seafloor. Cold seeps do not require high tectonic activity and may be located more sporadically across the deep sea. Again, specialized bacteria utilize the high density of sulfur or methane compounds to create food/energy, again forming the bottom of a complex food web.
Some scientists hypothesize that the first life on Earth may have originated at deep hydrothermal vents.
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Please find the explanation below
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Deoxyribosenucleic acid, commonly called DNA is the stored form of genetic material in living cells. It contains the information needed by an organism to survive. A segment of the DNA that encodes the necessary information needed to produce a particular protein that determines a trait is called GENE.
The DNA consists of long polynucleotide chains, hence, due to Its length, it cannot git into the cell. The cell then devises a means by wrapping the long strands of DNA around certain proteins called HISTONES. This initially forms a NUCLEOSOME structure, then continuous wrapping around histones and condensation forms the visible CHROMOSOME structure.
Now, the CHROMOSOME contains the DNA molecule, which contains protein-coding segments called GENES. The information contained on the gene is used to produce a protein that is responsible for a particular TRAIT in the organism.
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La biología es la ciencia natural que estudia la vida y los organismos vivos, es decir, las estructuras físicas, los procesos químicos, las interacciones moleculares, los mecanismos fisiológicos, el crecimiento y la evolución. La biología reconoce a la célula como el componente básico de la vida, a los genes como portadores clave de la herencia y a la evolución como el mecanismo que influye en la creación y extinción de las especies.
Las disciplinas de la biología se definen por los métodos de investigación utilizados y el tipo de sistema estudiado: la biología teórica utiliza la matemática para formular modelos cuantitativos, mientras que la biología experimental realiza pruebas experimentales para examinar la validez de sus teorías propuestas e investigarlas.
Genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring).
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