The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that give rise to the formed elements are called stem cells.
Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to undergo self-renewal and to give rise to all cells of the tissues of the body. However, this definition has been recently complicated by the existence of distinct cellular states that display these features.
There are two types of pluripotent stem cells :
- Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
- Induced pluripotent stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of pre-implantation embryos and can be indefinitely maintained and expanded in the pluripotent state in vitro. Pluripotent stem cells can also be obtained by inducing dedifferentiation of adult somatic cells through a recently developed in vitro technology, known as cell reprogramming.
Similarly to Embryonic stem cells , Induced pluripotent stem cells can be expanded indefinitely and they are capable to differentiate in all the derivatives of the three germ layers.
Another intriguing features of being pluripotent is its reliance on gene expression heterogeneity.
Learn more about Pluripotent here : brainly.com/question/18243320
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Half-life is<span> the term for the amount of time it takes 50% of an element to decay</span>
Answer:
The correct answer will be-
1. decrease in blood volume
2. secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus
3. production of angiotensin II
4. secretion of aldosterone
5. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts
Explanation:
The RAAS pathway or Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone pathway gets activated in the human body to maintain the osmolarity and blood volume.
When the receptors in the blood sense the low volume of water in the body sends signals to the brain which activates the secretion of the renin from the juxtaglomerular cells. Renin helps converts the inactive angiotensin to angiotensin I and II which help reabsorption of sodium ions. This activates the production of aldosterone which increases the reabsorption of the sodium ions into distal and collecting ducts.
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