Two factors contributed to the success of the pteridophytes: the extreme miniaturization of the gametophytic generation and an important development of the sporophytic generation (development of the tree forms).
Pteridophytes are a group of plants that peaked in the Carboniferous (-300 million years). It is the first great terrestrial plant civilization. These plants would have appeared in the Devonian -400 million years ago, perhaps from certain primitive terrestrial plants which, unlike bryophytes, would have favored the diploid generation on the haploid generation.
Particularly well adapted to terrestrial life, they have created, thanks to the development of tree forms, immense forests whose fossilization is at the origin of coal deposits.
Pteridophytes are at the origin of an evolutionary lineage based on the extreme miniaturization of gametophytic generation and an important development of sporophytic generation, leading to all tracheophytes including current flowering plants. Pteridophytes are well adapted to terrestrial life, however fertilization still requires the presence of water since male gametes are swimmers.
Grass often dies near roads that have been <span>salted to remove ice during the winter because the salt spread out into layer of the grass </span>cell. Then the water goes into the ice because the grass is attracted to the salty ice water. Hence, this dehydrates the plant cell by removing excess water, so it dies since it can no longer perform the proper cell function.<span> </span>
Answer:
This process occurs in two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Both stages of photosynthesis take place in chloroplasts. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.
Explanation:
all living organisms require energy to function.
Million of bacteria grow in our gut and each have their own set of genes , that helps them to survive acidic environment of the gut. They can have both beneficial and harmful effect to your health.
While the bacteria in lungs causes symptoms similar to the cold or flu, it can be more severe and typically last longer. Immune system will typically be able to clear a viral lung infection over time. Infections can be cured by using antibiotics also .
On the other hand bacteria on skin can survive up to 20 minutes .Human skin also act as barrier that limits invasion and growth of pathogenic bacteria. Human body has a lot of defenses to keep the bad bacteria from coming in too far through these openings.
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