I would say the answer is a civil case. Those usually deal with contracts and torts.
Depending on which country you talk about it's either the Civil law, as in many European countries, where there are pre-written rules or common law where the decisions are made while judging cases - so UK and it's former colonies.
The people were to give/reserve their lives to propitating the gods to prevent terrible events from happening to the community. The political structure of Sumer was independent city-states. The map shows the important communities. Note that in Sumerian times the Persian Gulf extended to the area of the city-states.
Johannes Kepler discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits
The Government's role in building and maintaining the nation's infrastructure would be that they have control of what we do as a first world country and making sure that we don't go bankrupt, or run ourselves into the ground. The federal government should be the main source of the funding, however if it's only a state problem than it would be the state and local funds.
