The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
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The three laws of inheritance are :
Law of Dominance. Law of Segregation. Law of Independent Assortment.
what is law of dominance?
First, according to the Law of Dominance and Uniformity, some alleles—variants of a specific gene located at the same chromosomal locus or location—are dominant over other alleles for that gene.
As it relates to genetics, the term "inherited" describes a feature or variation that is encoded in DNA and passed from parent to child during reproduction. The laws of Mendelian genetics govern inheritance. A will needs to be admitted to probate in order for the inheritance procedure to start. The probate court examines the will, approves an executor, and formally distributes assets to recipients in accordance with the terms. The executor will pay off any outstanding obligations of the deceased prior to the transfer
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Answer:
controlled experiments
Explanation:
Experiments in which all variables are identical except for one are called controlled experiments. This where an observer tests his hypothesis by looking on changes that were brought about by one variable. The results are always dependent on one adjusted variable.