When a genetic population follows Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HW), it states that certain biological tenets or requirements must be met. Given so, then HW states that the total frequency of all homozygous dominant alleles (p) and the total frequency of all homozygous recessive alleles (q) for a gene, account for the total # of alleles for that gene in that HW population, which is 100% or 1.00 as a decimal. So in short: p + q = 1, and additionally (p+q)^2 = 1^2, or 1
So (p+q)(p+q) algebraically works out to p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p^2 = frequency of homozygous dominant individuals, 2pq = frequency of heterozygous individuals, and q^2 = frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
So the problem states that homozygous dominant individuals (p^2) account for 60%, or 0.60. Thus the square root (sr) of p^2 = p or the dominant allele frequency in the population. So sr(p^2) = sr(0.60) -->
p = 0.775 or 77.5%
Homozygous recessive individuals (q^2) account for 20%, or 0.20. Thus sr(q^2) = q or the recessive allele frequency in the population. So sr(q^2) = sr(0.20) --> q = 0.447 or 44.7%
But since 44.7% + 77.5% = 122.2%, which is not equal to 1, we have a situation in which the allele frequencies do not match up, therefore this population cannot be determined using the Hardy-Weinberg Equation.
Answer:
4. Transcription takes place in the nucleus. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA molecule. RNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. Translation reads the genetic code in mRNA and makes a protein.
5. Transcription needs to occur before translation because the product of transcription, messenger RNA (mRNA), is the starting material for translation.
Answer:
Cohesion: the attraction force between the same type of molecules.
Adhesion: the attraction force between different types of molecules.
Answer:
Answered below
Explanation:
Pepetidoglycans are the structural polymers which make up the cell walls of most bacteria.
It consists of the macromolecule, glycan chains, which are repeating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues. These glycan chains combine or cross-link with peptide side chains (proteins) to form a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria.
Peptidoglycan is the major structural component and the basic unit of the bacterial cell wall and provides protection to the cytoplasmic membrane, mechanical rigidity and also regulates the passage of fluid, amino acids, sugar and ions, in and out of the cell.
