<span>Generally, a hydrogen bond can be characterized as a proton shared by two lone electron pairs. It occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom, covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), experiences the electrostatic field of another highly electronegative atom nearby.
Among the choices in the bond (-N...H-O) one side of the Hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom with a lone pair (-N) and the other side is directly bonded with a highly electronegative atom (O-).
So -N...H-O- shows a hydrogen bond.</span>
Pure metals possess few important physical and metallic properties, such as melting point, boiling point, density, specific gravity, high malleability, ductility, and heat and electrical conductivity. These properties can be modified and enhanced by alloying it with some other metal or nonmetal, according to the need.
Alloys are made to:
Enhance the hardness of a metal: An alloy is harder than its components. Pure metals are generally soft. The hardness of a metal can be enhanced by alloying it with another metal or nonmetal.
Lower the melting point: Pure metals have a high melting point. The melting point lowers when pure metals are alloyed with other metals or nonmetals. This makes the metals easily fusible. This property is utilized to make useful alloys called solders.
Enhance tensile strength: Alloy formation increases the tensile strength of the parent metal.
Enhance corrosion resistance: Alloys are more resistant to corrosion than pure metals. Metals in pure form are chemically reactive and can be easily corroded by the surrounding atmospheric gases and moisture. Alloying a metal increases the inertness of the metal, which, in turn, increases corrosion resistance.
Modify color: The color of pure metal can be modified by alloying it with other metals or nonmetals containing suitable color pigments.
Provide better castability: One of the most essential requirements of getting good castings is the expansion of the metal on solidification. Pure molten metals undergo contraction on solidification. Metals need to be alloyed to obtain good castings because alloys
Question 22: conclusion
Question 23: analyze
<u>Answer:</u> The Gibbs free energy of the reaction is -445 J/mol.
<u>Explanation:</u>
The chemical equation for the conversion follows:
The expression for 
of above equation is:
![K_{eq}=\frac{\text{[Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate]}}{\text{[Dihydroxyacetone phosphate]}}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=K_%7Beq%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate%5D%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BDihydroxyacetone%20phosphate%5D%7D%7D)
We are given:
[Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate] = 0.00400 M
[Dihydroxyacetone phosphate] = 0.100 M
Putting values in above equation, we get:
Relation between standard Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant follows:
where,
= Standard Gibbs free energy = 7.53 kJ/mol = 7530 J/mol (Conversion factor: 1kJ = 1000J)
R = Gas constant = 
T = temperature = 298 K
Putting values in above equation, we get:
Hence, the Gibbs free energy of the reaction is -445 J/mol.
