Virions are composed largely of nucleic acids and protein. In order to produce more virions, the host cell must synthesize more of these parts through NA replication and protein synthesis.
Answer:
Helper T cells stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies and killer T cells to destroy the non-self cells. Cytotoxic T cells on the other hand are direct attack cells. They can kill the micro organisms by creating pores on the invader's cell.
Explanation:
T lymphocyte mediated immunity of cell mediated immunity do not secrete antibodies but they help stimulate the B cells to produce them. Immature T cells are produced in bone marrow from where they migrate to thymus via blood. In the thymus maturation of T cells occur and then they migrate to lymphoid tissue and get differentiated into three types:
a. Helper T cells: As the name suggests, they help in activating other immune cells, in other terms they are the regulator of virtually all functions of immune system. Protein mediator called lymphokines are produced by these helper T cells in order to regulate the immune functions. Some examples of these lymphokines are: Interleukin-2 interleukin-3, interferon gamma. T helper cells stimulate the B-cells to produce antibodies.
b. Cytotoxic cells or killer T cells: The lymphokine interleukin-2 is responsible for the growth and proliferation of both cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells. With the help of receptor proteins on the surface of killer T cells, they bind to the specific antigen. After binding, they secrete a pore forming protein called perforins which create pores on the invaders cell membrane for water to enter into it thereby cell swells and finally lyse.
c. Suppressor T cells: They suppress the function of above two T cells.
Earths outter layer is like the glass on a lightbulb because it keeps the inside of the lightbulb straight, and also protects you from getting electrocuted (sry if this is wrong, i tried my best to try to help) :))
500 because of the 10% rule when moving up in food chains, for example; patch of grass-200J rabbit eats some of it but doesn’t eat all - 150J the rabbit runs around for a bit and loses energy, the fox doesn’t eat all of the rabbit - 50J ( just a rough example may not be completely right but the concept of the rule is there and the energy).
