Butler technically didn't do anything, it was done by Truman and Bernard Baruch. The final solution is the name given to the order of a mass killing of all the Jews, exterminating by force through gas chambers or shootings, when all else failed they resulted to this.
I believe it is A, because it states “labor of his body, and the work of his hands... are properly his” which means that what someone create (or produce) belongs to them and own the right.
The greeting was stench
This stench came from various sources including but not limited to sweat, blood, dead bodies, fecal matter, urine, and other various sources, and they mixed together to be a "greeting" for Equiano who had never experienced anything like that before he was taken into slavery and put into the ship. He explains how he only wanted to die because of that.
