Answer:
ATP and NADPH
Explanation:
The second stage of the Calvin cycle is the reduction in which 3-Phosphoglycerate is reduced into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by a series of reactions. These reactions consume ATP as an energy source and NADPH as an electron donor. ATP and NADPH for produced during the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis. Transfer of electron through ETC generates proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane which in turn drives ATP synthesis. Electrons released from water splitting finally reach NADP reductase enzyme that reduces NADH into NADPH.
Explanation:
Rearranged for the attached diagram:
a. Simple diffusion
b. Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
c. Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
d. Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion is used to carry large molecules that are unable to cross at will the plasma membrane. However passive diffusion, along its concentration gradient, describes the passage of substances (small molecules and ions) across the membrane.
Through osmosis, water molecules travel across a semi-permeable membrane, from high-concentration regions to low-concentration regions, until a balance is achieved. This always happens inside the system along the concentration gradient.
Further Explanation:
Transmembrane proteins are transported from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm within the membrane, and are sometimes bound to glycoproteins (proteins attached). Transporting proteins across the plasma membrane allow ion movement and other complex, polar molecules that are normally prevented from passing through the membrane.
Carrier proteins and channel proteins are the two primary types of proteins found in membranes. Carrier proteins (also known as carriers, permeases, or transporters) bind the specific solution to be transported and undergo a series of conformation changes to transfer the substances across the membrane
Learn more about membrane components at brainly.com/question/1971706
Learn more about plasma membrane transport at brainly.com/question/11410881
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<u>Avions</u>.
Step by step Explanation:
This is because, terrestrial animals live only on land, while aquatic animals live only in water and amphibians like frogs live both in land and water.
From the above the options, they live either in land or water but not in air or fly.
Therefore, the answer is <u>Avions</u>
It makes up the biome ecological unit