Gymnosperms are no longer restricted to moist environments, as are ferns and mosses because they have evolved to produce non-flagellated pollens that do not require water or moisture to reach the egg whereas ferns and mosses have flagellated sperm that needs moisture to swim towards the egg.
Another major evolutionary adaption in gymnosperms is the production of seeds instead of spores since seeds contain their own nutrition in the form of endosperm, seeds can travel large distances through wind or animals and can germinate when they find suitable conditions. Seeds can remain dormant for several years whereas spores have a shorter lifespan.
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1) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is thought of as the "molecular currency" for energy transfer within the cell. Function: ATPs are used as the main energy source for metabolic functions. They are consumed by energy-requiring (endothermic) processes and produced by energy-releasing (exothermic) processes in the cell and Cells store energy in the form of ATP; cells make 36 ATP through cellular respiration.
2) Energy is normally stored long term as carbohydrate, in plants the storage polymer is starch whereas in animals the storage polymer is glycogen. Both of these are formed from the monomer alpha-glucose (C6H12O6). When energy is required by the cell, storage polymers are hydrolysed to yield glucose molecules, which are the starting point of respiration, a series of chemical regions yielding ATP, the universal cellular energy release molecule.
The reason for the loss of color after the industrial revolution is that the light-colored moths were "selected against" by predators. These birds could only see the light ones against the newly dark, sooted background. Over time, these predators could no longer distinguish the dark ones from their natural dark, sooted background. Thus more light-colored moths stood out against the dark soot, and were eaten. And more dark-colored moths eluded the birds, survived to reproduce, passing on more of their dominant genes for dark color to their offspring. After several decades of hundreds of thousands of generations, most of the later generations were dark, due to selective advantage of camouflage to survive predation.
Answer: is seen below
Explanation:
Termination will not take place if the strings of A nucleotides following an inverted repeat of rho- independent termination ( which forms an hairpin structure)were deleted. Although, RNA polymerase may pause briefly at the hairpin, the presence of A- U base pairs is needed to destabilize the DNA - RNA interaction and to end transcription. If the string A nucleotides is not present, then transcription of RNA polymerase will continue.
The ploidy level of the spores produced in the sporangium is haploid
