Answer:
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Explanation:
Answer:
In this case, it is likely that the polypeptide chain assumed an alpha helix configuration because the lipid bilayer did not have beta-barrel proteins.
Explanation:
A polypeptide chain is naturally polar, however, a lipid bilayer is naturally non-polar. This makes it difficult and even prevents the polypeptide chain from crossing a lipid bilayer, since the composition of these two elements does not allow them to mix. In that case, the polypeptide chain has two options to take to successfully cross the lipid bilayer.
The first option that the polypeptide chain has is to allow the creation of twisted beta sheets in the shape of a closed barrel in its structure. This only works if the lipid bilayer has beta barrel proteins in its composition to act as a transport channel for the polypeptide chain. However, few lipid layers have this protein.
Most likely, the polypeptide chain assumes an alpha helix conformation to cross lipid bilayers that do not have beta-barrel proteins. By assuming the beta conformation, the polypeptide chain reinforces the hydrogen bonds present in its composition, allowing it to cross the lipid bilayer without having its conformation and structure disassembled.
Answer:
The article revealed the fact that Black inventors have always played an active role in inventing new things in America. In the 18th and 19th centuries they were denied the right to patent their inventions because of their status as slaves. This has changed for the better in present times as many Black inventors are being granted patent rights.
Explanation:
The article, "America’s always had black inventors – even when the patent system explicitly excluded them", by Shontavia Johnson, explained the active role that Black Americans, both free and slaves played in inventing things in the United Slaves. The article explained that although the patent rights signed into the constitution in 1787 was written in a neutral tone, it did not change the fact that black inventors were actually denied patent rights.
This segregation affected people like Henry Boyd, Ned, Benjamin Montgomery among others. In recent times, this segregation has significantly been curbed as many Black inventors are now owners of patents. An example is Lonnie Johnson, inventor of the Water Gun and owner of more than 80 patents.
The correct answer is: (a) RNA polymerase (along with its sigma subunit) can initiate transcription on its own.
More differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription:
• In prokaryotes transcription occurs in the cytoplasm (unlike in eukaryotes in nucleus) and it is simultaneous with translation,
• In prokaryotes there is only one type of RNA polymerase (in eukaryotes there are three types of them).
• There is no sigma subunit in eukaryotes, the initiation of transcription begins thanks to initiation factors.
• Promoter region in prokaryotes contains pribnow box, while in eukaryotes it contains TATA and CAT box.
The thermodynamic barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in spontaneous reaction is activation energy.
The activation energy is the maximum amount of extra energy that is required by a reacting molecules to get converted into product. It is the minimum energy that is required or needed to activate or energize molecules or atoms.
It is needed in the reaction so that reactants can move together and overcome forces of repulsion and start bond breaking.
Reactant is the substance that takes part in and that undergoes change during a reaction.
To learn more about reactant here
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