Well there alot of challenges faced by biologist researchers during the research of infectious disease, however major of those include the followings:1- Defining and measuring the fitness for pathogens across the scales2- Developing models to capture the impact of co-infection on the evolutionary process3- Modeling how pathogen characteristics shape the evolution of hose immune diversity4- Understanding the maintenance of pathogen diversity5- Developing the better models for the impact of genetic systems on pathogen evolution .
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P700 is photosystem I. It includes chlorophyll a 670, 680, 695, 700, Chlorophyll b, carotenoids. The active reaction center of photosystem is p700, as it absorbs light of a wavelength longer than 680nm.
P680 or the photosystem II has the following pigments: chlorophyll b, 660, 670, 680, 695, 700, phycobilins, and xanthophylls. The active reaction center, in this case, is p680 of chlorophyll a, as it absorbs the light having a wavelength shorter than 680nm.
Answer:
Energy Flow in Ecosystems. Ecosystems maintain themselves by cycling energy and nutrients obtained from external sources. ... The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels makes decomposers generally more important than producers in terms of energy flow.
Explanation:
I'm pretty sure it would be refer to the variety of plants and animals
C. the penis produces millions of sperms at a time.