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Bezzdna [24]
2 years ago
12

Karin realized that a song takes up a lot more space on her computer than the lyrics of the song typed out in ms word document .

Why does this happen
Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Nitella [24]2 years ago
5 0
Consider that there are many different components of one file such as a song rather than a word document of typed words. Research the components of why this song takes up space on a computer.
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The objective of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is to create a customized software program that integrates the inf
Fittoniya [83]

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Enterprise resource planning is the integration of various corporate functions using information technology. The main objective of a small or large manufacturing company's ERP project is to track its supply chain activities from inventory purchase to processing and final shipment to customers.

3 0
3 years ago
Why do bats sleep upside down
seraphim [82]

Answer:

Bats cannot run so it would be almost impossible for them to take off from the ground. A major advantage to hanging upside down is that bats do not need to generate lift to begin flight. They just drop out of their bed, open their wings and off they go.

Explanation:

8 0
3 years ago
Select the characteristics that describe the evolution of computers that predate the personal computer (select all correct answe
emmasim [6.3K]

Answer:

Options (a), (b) and (d)

Explanation:

  • Option (a) is true that the computers have become smaller and smaller with advancement of the technology. The earlier version of computers used vacuum tubes and are very big in size.
  • As the years passed and due to the advancement of the transistors the computers have become smaller in size.
  • Option (b) is true. With the advancement in the research in circuits used in the computer like Integrated Circuits the computers have become faster.
  • The response time of the operating system has reduced drastically.
  • Option (c) is wrong option. The computers have become cheaper. The transistors are cheaper compared to the vacuum tubes which are used in the earlier computers.
  • The price of the same computer (memory and time efficiency) has become less in the coming years than in the previous years with the advancement in the research of transistors.
  • Option (d) is true. Now-a-days computers support more and more number of applications. Computers has more number of applications in various and diversified fields.
  • With the advancements in the computers, the computers are finding more applications in different fields like medicine, law, transport industries etc.
5 0
3 years ago
A runtime error is usually the result of:
harina [27]
It is the Logical error/
so ur answer is logical error
8 0
2 years ago
One of the earlier applications of crypto-graphic hash functions was the storage of passwords to authenticate usersin computer s
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer: provided in the explanation part.

Explanation:

This is actually quite long but nevertheless i will make it as basic as possible.

Question (a)  

Attack A:

One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if the hash function is properly created.

Attack B:

Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.

Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second preimage.

This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of 2n. It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find the string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/2n to succeed.

Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute-force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.

Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.

Attack C:

Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out 2n pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However, if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.

It has the time complexity of 2n/2.

Hence, this is the attack which has the most success rate in this scenario.

Question (b)

The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.

Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.

The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute-force a LOT more difficult computationally.

Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.

Question (c)

A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly 280 different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if 280+1 random strings are hashed because 280 values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power to do match against more than this many strings. And doing so increases the probability of exposing a probable password of a user.

Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.

cheers i hope this helps!!!!

6 0
3 years ago
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