Answer:
One of the common genetic disorders is sickle cell anemia, in which 2 recessive alleles must meet to allow for destruction and alteration in the morphology of red blood cells. This usually leads to loss of proper binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and curved, sickle-shaped erythrocytes. The mutation causing this disease occurs in the 6th codon of the HBB gene encoding the hemoglobin subunit β (β-globin), a protein, serving as an integral part of the adult hemoglobin A (HbA), which is a heterotetramer of 2 α chains and 2 β chains that is responsible for binding to the oxygen in the blood. This mutation changes a charged glutamic acid to a hydrophobic valine residue and disrupts the tertiary structure and stability of the hemoglobin molecule. Since in the field of protein intrinsic disorder, charged and polar residues are typically considered as disorder promoting, in opposite to the order-promoting non-polar hydrophobic residues, in this study we attempted to answer a question if intrinsic disorder might have a role in the pathogenesis of sickle cell anemia. To this end, several disorder predictors were utilized to evaluate the presence of intrinsically disordered regions in all subunits of human hemoglobin: α, β, δ, ε, ζ, γ1, and γ2. Then, structural analysis was completed by using the SWISS-MODEL Repository to visualize the outputs of the disorder predictors. Finally, Uniprot STRING and D2P2 were used to determine biochemical interactome and protein partners for each hemoglobin subunit along with analyzing their posttranslational modifications. All these properties were used to determine any differences between the 6 different types of subunits of hemoglobin and to correlate the mutation leading to sickle cell anemia with intrinsic disorder propensity.
Explanation:
Lactose tolerance and intolerance together with other northern European individuals Lactose, the sugar found in dairy items and drain, is processed by the catalyst lactase.
Lactose intolerance is a typical stomach related issue where the body can't process lactose, a sort of sugar mostly found in drain and dairy items. Manifestations of lactose intolerance, as a rule, create a couple of hours of devouring nourishment or drink that contains lactose.
Floods and flash flooding Now is the time to determine your area's flood risk. ... Flash floods have a rapid hydrological response in catchments with short lag times, ... Two different types of flood hazard assessment methods were tested: (i) a ... elongation ratio and roughness index can be used to explain the flash flood types.
A eukaryotic cell is much more complex than a prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells usually make up more complex organisms and have organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, a nucleus, and lysosomes. A prokaryotic cell only has circular chromosomes and is much smaller than a eukaryotic cell. Most single celled organisms are prokaryotes.
