I believe the answer is: Drive theory
Drive theory refers to The theory that aimed to find the explanation of why an individual behave they way he/she does.
The analyzation process in this theory often started with physical needs before moving up to other complex desire.
Answer: E.) The days are the shortest or longest
Explanation: there are a summer and winter solstice when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky, which marks the longest or shortest day.
Its maybe B or C. I think it is B.