You can use the HWE (Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium) equations :
p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
If the allele combinations do not equal one after a while, evolution has occurred.
Answer : The specify the l and ml values for n = 4 are:
At l = 0, 
At l = 1, 
At l = 2, 
At l = 3, 
Explanation:
There are 4 quantum numbers :
Principle Quantum Numbers : It describes the size of the orbital. It is represented by n. n = 1,2,3,4....
Azimuthal Quantum Number : It describes the shape of the orbital. It is represented as 'l'. The value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1). For l = 0,1,2,3... the orbitals are s, p, d, f...
Magnetic Quantum Number : It describes the orientation of the orbitals. It is represented as m_l. The value of this quantum number ranges from
. When l = 2, the value of
will be -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.
Spin Quantum number : It describes the direction of electron spin. This is represented as
The value of this is
for upward spin and
for downward spin.
As we are given, n = 4 then the value of l and ml are,
l = 0, 1, 2, 3
At l = 0, 
At l = 1, 
At l = 2, 
At l = 3, 
Answer:
The answer is in the problem
Explanation:
As general rule of number of oxygen is -2:
O → -2
Alkali metals (Li, Na, K) are always +1
Na → +1
Alkali earth methals (Be, Mg, Ca...) are always +2
Ca → +2
The halogen group (F, Cl, Br...) is always -1
F → -1
The oxidation number of Si (+/- 4)
Aluminium is, usually +3
And to complete the octet rule in nitrogen, 3 electrons are required. That means:
N → -3
Answer:
1
Explanation:
Using the Rydberg formula as:

where,
λ is wavelength of photon
R = Rydberg's constant (1.097 × 10⁷ m⁻¹)
Z = atomic number of atom
n₁ is the initial final level and n₂ is the final energy level
For Hydrogen atom, Z= 1
n₂ = 2
Wavelength = 410.1 nm
Also,
1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m
So,
Wavelength = 410.1 × 10⁻⁹ m
Applying in the formula as:

Solving for n₁ , we get
n₁ ≅ 1
Answer:
The particles have no set ratio for how to combine, and they can be separated by physical means.
Explanation: