Nuclear maturation encompasses nuclear envelope breakdown, meiotic spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation. Cytoplasmic maturation involves major changes in oocyte protein translation and cytoplasmic organelles and is poorly understood.
In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, sperm release the major sperm protein (MSP) hormone to promote oocyte growth and meiotic maturation.
Large translational regulatory ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes containing the RNA-binding proteins OMA-1, OMA-2, and LIN-41 regulate meiotic maturation downstream of MSP signaling.
To understand the control of translation during meiotic maturation, we purified LIN-41-containing RNPs and characterized their protein and RNA components. Protein constituents of LIN-41 RNPs include essential RNA-binding proteins, the GLD-2 cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase, the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex, and translation initiation factors.
RNA sequencing defined mRNAs associated with both LIN-41 and OMA-1, as well as sets of mRNAs associated with either LIN-41 or OMA-1. Genetic and genomic evidence suggests that GLD-2, which is a component of LIN-41 RNPs, stimulates the efficient translation of many LIN-41-associated transcripts.
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Explanation : x = 79 marks
The marks scored by Mike on four math test are 88,91,75 and 72.
Average of marks, A = 81
Let in fifth test he scores x marks.
The formula for finding average is :
In the fifth test he scores 79 marks.
Hence, this is the required solution.
Answer:
destruction of biodiversity.
contamination of food chain.
lack of potable water.
mortality
diseases
Answer:
Absorption of Water and Electrolytes. ... Sodium is absorbed from the intestinal lumen by several mechanisms, most prominently by cotransport with glucose and amino acids, and by Na+/H+ exchange, both of which move sodium from the lumen into the enterocyte.
Large Intestine
Water is always absorbed in the alimentary tract through passive osmosis via a mostly paracellular route between enterocyte tight junctions. Consequently, water absorption is primarily actuated by active absorption of osmotic electrolytes, especially sodium.
Absorption of Water and Electrolytes. The small intestine must absorb massive quantities of water. ... Net movement of water across cell membranes always occurs by osmosis, and the fundamental concept needed to understand absorption in the small gut is that there is a tight coupling between water and solute absorption.
A majority of water's absorption into the bloodstream occurs after water passes through the stomach and on to the small intestine. The small intestine, at around 20 feet long, efficiently absorbs water into the cell membrane and bloodstream. ... Once absorbed into the body, water aids a number of vital functions.
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