Answer:
DNP produces the loss of the proton gradient (i.e., the energy of the proton gradient is dissipated in the form of heat instead to produce ATP)
Explanation:
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) acts to shuttle H+ ions across cellular membranes, bypassing the ATP synthase used by mitochondria to generate ATP during cellular respiration. Since DNP is able to bypass ATP synthase, this compound uncouples the phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase from the process of oxidation (i.e., transport of electrons). For example, in muscle cells, DNP may be used to shuttle calcium ions (Ca +) from mitochondrial stores, and free intracellular Ca+ ions are evidenced to produce muscle contraction.
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Answer:
When the concentration of molecules of a substance is the same on both sides of a membrane the solution is isotonic.
Explanation:
A given substance, when it has the same concentration on both sides of the membrane, is in equilibrium and the solution is called isotonic, from the extracellular space with respect to the cytoplasm.
The cell membrane is semipermeable to the passage of water and some substances. Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions tend to establish the dynamics of entry and exit of molecules or water, due to the concentration or osmotic gradients that are established, respectively.
An<u> </u><u>isotonic solution </u><u>does not generate gradients</u>, because the concentration of molecules is equal in the extracellular space with respect to the intracellular space.
