Socialism is an economic philosophy which develops as an answer to the different problems presented by capitalism. Advocates of this philosopy claim that unchecked capitalism only deals with short-term goals, such as making profit, so long-term plans in infrastructure, workers, environment, among others, are not considered. Different varieties of socialism tend to strongly disagree with one another, but they all agree on the fact that capitalism, if left unchecked, constitutes a great danger to the economy of a country.
Leninism is a political theory developed by <em>Vladimir Lenin</em>, which comprises both political and economic theories, developed from Lenin's interpretation of Karl Marx's theories. He proposed the organization of a <em>Revolutionary Vanguard Party </em>and the achievement of a Dictatorship of the Proletariat as a prelude to the establishment of socialism. His idea involved turning the working classes against their class enemies.
Social Democracy is a political, social and economic theory that supports interventions to promote social justice. Social democracy originated as a peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism. This theory is associated with Keynesian economics - which advocates the intervention of the government in market economy, state interventionism, and the welfare state. It praises commitment to fighting inequality, oppression of underpriviledged groups, and poverty.
Explanation:
Point-wise explanation is given below:
i) The anti-defection law was introduced to curb the growing trend of elected representatives who changed political parties to become ministers or to get cash rewards.
ii) The affidavit requirement was an order passed by the Supreme Court as a measure to curb the challenge of money and muscle power.
iii) The third reform measure was made by the Election Commission where for all political parties it was mandatory to hold regular elections and also file their income tax returns.
<u><em>Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties:</em></u>
iv) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision-making bodies of the party.
v) There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.
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All vessels are divided into two categories:
stand on vessels: these are those that have the privilege to maintain their course and speed when operating near another vessel.
Give way vessel: these are those vessels that are mandated to keep away from stand on vessels when the two are near each other.
When two boats are operating near each other, the STAND ON VESSEL must maintain its course and speed while the give way vessel must take precautions and early actions to keep out of the way of the stand on vessel.
