The answer is general deterrence, I hope this helps!
Answer:
c. Observational studies have both independent and dependent variables.
d. Observational studies can be used to test hypothesis.
Explanation:
Observational studies are ones in which a researcher makes observations about his thoughts and views. He observes the risk and other effects before actual test takes place. This is usually the initial phase of research where observations are made for suitability of certain things that are to be researched. There is initial feasibility test conducted to identify whether the further research process is beneficial or not.
The 
would enable a woman to assess a man's level of commitment, detect the existence of prior commitments to other women or children, and simultaneously signal to the man her sexual fidelity.
Answer:
Industries also provides arms and ammunition for the defence of a country, without these the country will become extremely vulnerable.
