During the electron transport chain, photosynthetic chloroplasts produce a proton (H+) gradient across the thylakoid membrane and then they use the energy of this gradient to synthesize ATP via ATP synthase. The acidification induced by light in the thylakoid lumen is known to impede the electron flow between photosystems, whose work is to absorb and transfer the light energy by transferring electrons. At a pH of 8, the concentration of protons is larger in the thylakoids (i.e., in the thylakoid lumens), thereby protons will move down the concentration gradient from the thylakoids to the stroma, the space outside the thylakoid membranes. This flow of protons by ATP synthase will be used to produce ATP.
It will rain next. The moist air has lots of gas water. And when the warm gas water meets the cool temperature in the atmosphere, it will become liquid water. And when liquid water becomes more and more, it will form rain.
