Both the stapedius and tensor tympani are striated muscles
The stapedius is about 6 mm in length, arises from the pyramidal process and the tendon attaches to the posterior neck of the stapes
The stapedius is a muscle with a high oxidative capacity
The tensor tympani is about 25 mm in length, the muscle is not as strong as the stapedius, and the tendon also contains more elastic tissue and fat
The tensor tympani courses through a bony canal in the wall of the anterior middle ear, and attaches to the neck of the manubrium
The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles are protective reflexes
They reduce the amount of sound that gets into the inner ear
They are somewhat similar to the blink reflex thus they can be triggered by loud noise, and when they go off, both ears can be involved
If stapedius and tensor tympani muscles is not present then loud sounds would cause the ossicles to move too much, potentially causing damage to the inner ear
An ionic bond is a type of a chemical bond formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom i.e one of the atoms loses its electrons and the other gains it. This results in the formation of 2 oppositely charged ions.
In sodium chloride, sodium loses one electron from its outermost shell (valence shell) whereas chloride gains it. Due to this sodium gains, a net positive charge and chloride gain a net negative charge.
So, due to the complete transfer of electrons that takes place from sodium to chloride, the compound generated (Sodium chloride) has an ionic bond.
The rate of energy coming from the Sun changes slightly day to day. .It has been suggested that changes in solar output might affect our climate—both directly, by changing the rate of solar heating of the Earth and atmosphere, and indirectly, by changing cloud forming processes.
The axial tilt angle affects climate largely by determining which parts of the earth get more sunlight during different stages of the year Likewise, during winter for the northern hemisphere, there would be fewer hours of daylight because the northern hemisphere would essentially be pointed away from the sun.
If an asteroid were to strike land or a shallow body of water, it would eject an enormous amount of dust, ash, and other material into the atmosphere, blocking the radiation from the Sun. This would cause the global temperature to decrease drastically.
The Sun's irradiance has its greatest effect on Earth's upper atmosphere, while the lower atmosphere insulates Earth from the increased heat. If the Sun were driving Earth's warming, one would expect to see that upper atmosphere getting increasingly hot.\
